Motivation to learn: an international multilevel study on student autonomy and teacher emphasis on content usefulness / Motivación para aprender: un estudio internacional multinivel sobre la autonomía de los estudiantes y el énfasis de los docentes en la utilidad del contenido

En la educación superior, pocos estudios relacionan factores contextuales en la clase, como el énfasis del profesor en la utilidad del contenido y las características motivacionales de los estudiantes. El objetivo fue probar un modelo multinivel sobre la relación entre el énfasis del docente en la utilidad del contenido durante la clase, la autonomía de los estudiantes y, a su vez, la motivación para aprender. Participaron 3033 estudiantes universitarios matriculados de 1º a 4º grado de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, de universidades de España (N = 602), Portugal (N = 469), México (N = 1177), Chile (N = 372), y Brasil (N = 413). Se realizó un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales multinivel, en el que los participantes respondieron preguntas sobre el énfasis del profesor en la utilidad del contenido de la clase, la autonomía y la motivación para aprender. Se hipotetizó que el énfasis del profesor en la utilidad del contenido predecía la autonomía del estudiante que, por su vez, predecía la motivación para aprender. Los resultados, a nivel grupal e individual, indican que el énfasis del docente en la utilidad del contenido predijo la autonomía del estudiante, y la autonomía predijo la motivación para aprender.(AU)

Teacher autonomy support is related to improved student learn-ing. In higher education, few studies relate classroom contextual factors, such as teacher emphasis on content usefulness, and students' motivational characteristics. The aim was to test a multilevel model about the relation between the extent of teachers’ emphasis on the usefulness of class con-tent with student autonomy, and, in turn, on motivation to learn. The par-ticipants were 3033 university students enrolled from 1st to 4th grade of Sciences of the Physical Activity and Sport, from universities in Spain (N = 602), Portugal (N = 469), Mexico (N = 1177), Chile (N = 372), and Brazil (N = 413). A multilevel structural equation model was performed, in which participants answered questions about the teacher's emphasis on the use-fulness of class content, basic psychological need for autonomy, and moti-vation to learn. At the group and individual levels, the hypothesis is that the teacher's emphasis on the usefulness of class content predict the stu-dent autonomy, in turn, student autonomy predicts student motivation to learn. Results found at the group level and at the individual level the strength of teacher emphasis on class content predicted student autonomy; student autonomy predicted student motivation to learn.(AU)

Changes in Body Composition and Physical Performance after a Six-Week International Tour in Young Chilean Female Tennis Players.

Junior tennis players travel a lot to play tennis tournaments; this causes them to spend a lot of time away from their homes and disrupts their training, which could reduce their performance and increase the risk of injury. The purpose of this study was to analyze the changes in physical performance and body composition after a six-week international tour in young Chilean female tennis players. Thirty young female tennis players (15.4 ± 0.6) participated in this study. Body weight, skinfolds, and perimeters were measured. Body fat percentage (BFP) and skeletal muscle mass (SMM) were calculated. For physical performance, 5 m sprint, the 505 with stationary start test (505 test), the pro-agility test, countermovement jump (CMJ), and medicine ball throw (MBT) were evaluated. The results show a significant increase in BFP and decrease in SMM (p < 0.01; d = -0.18 and 0.19, respectively). In terms of physical performance, 5 m sprint, the 505 test (p < 0.01; d = -0.95 and -0.95, respectively), CMJ, MBT, and HJ significantly decreased post-tour (p < 0.05; d = 0.96, 0.89 and 0.47, respectively). We conclude that, after a six-week international tour, there were changes in body composition and a significant decrease in 5 m sprint, the 505 test, CMJ, and MBT.

Physical Exercise Methods and Their Effects on Glycemic Control and Body Composition in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM): A Systematic Review.

The prevalence of T2DM represents a challenge for health agencies due to its high risk of morbidity and mortality. Physical Activity (PA) is one of the fundamental pillars for the treatment of T2DM, so Physical Exercise (PE) programs have been applied to research their effectiveness. The objective of the study was to analyze the effects of PE methods on glycemic control and body composition of adults with T2DM. A systematic review without meta-analysis was performed, using the PubMed database. Quasi-experimental and pure experimental clinical trials were included, which were available free of charge and were published during 2010-2020. In the results, 589 articles were found and 25 passed the inclusion criteria. These were classified and analyzed according to the methods identified (AE, IE, RE, COM, and others), duration and variable(s) studied. It is concluded that PE is effective for glycemic control and body composition in adults with T2DM using different methods (AE, IE, RE, COM, and others), both in the short and long term. Adequate organization of PE components such as frequency, duration, volume, and intensity, is essential.

Effects of Combined Movement and Storytelling Intervention on Fundamental Motor Skills, Language Development and Physical Activity Level in Children Aged 3 to 6 Years: Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.

This study protocol aims to analyze and compare the effects of combined movement and storytelling intervention (CMSI) on fundamental motor skills (locomotor skills and object control), language development (language comprehension, language expression, vocabulary and language description), and physical activity levels (light intensity, moderate-to-vigorous intensity and sedentary time) in children aged 3 to 6 years. The sample will consist of 144 children from 12 class groups, randomly assigned to 3 experimental groups (n = 72 children) and 3 control groups (n = 72 children), belonging to 4 class groups of upper-middle-level classes (2 experimental and 2 control; 3 to 4 years), 4 transition level 1 classes (2 experimental and 2 control; 4 to 5 years) and 4 transition level 2 classes (2 experimental and 2 control; 5 to 6 years). The experimental groups will perform CMSI for 3 sessions per week (40 min per session) over 12 weeks (using one motor story per week), while the control groups will not receive any treatment. The main outcome will provide information about fundamental motor skills, language development, and physical activity levels. Our hypothesis indicates that CMSI has the potential to generate significant increases in selected assessments. If this intervention proves to be beneficial, it could contribute to preschool and school curricula.

Relación entre la salud física y salud mental psicológica en estudiantes Educación Física pertenecientes a distintas universidades de Chile

El objetivo de este estudio fue relacionar los efectos del confinamiento (COVID-19), en la salud física y psicológica, en universitarios de Educación física de Chile. La metodología es cuantitativa, transversal y descriptiva; la muestra estuvo constituida por 254 estudiantes pertenecientes a siete universidades chilenas. El 63% de la muestra fueron hombres (n = 160) y 37% mujeres (n = 94). La recogida de la información fue por medio del cuestionario auto informe del Impacto Psicológico del Coronavirus. Los resultados muestran que la variable Actividad Física en confinamiento se relacionó de forma negativa y significativa con la variable de IMC y Uso de Medios de Comunicación. Al relacionarse con Conductas Asociadas al Confinamiento y Escala de Experiencias Positivas ante la Adversidad, fue positiva y significativa; en relación a la Escala de Distres, se correlacionó negativa significativamente, de igual manera con la Escala de interferencia por el Coronavirus y Cuestionario de Impacto Psicológico del Coronavirus. Se concluye que existen efectos negativos para la salud física y psicológica de los estudiantes de Educación física producto del confinamiento y algunos positivos como el autocuidado y sistemas de protección.

The objective of this study was to relate the effects of confinement (COVID-19) on physical and mental health in physical education undergraduate students in Chile. The methodology is quantitative, cross-sectional, and descriptive. The sample consisted of 254 students belonging to seven Chilean universities. Sixty-three percent of the sample were men (n = 160), whereas 37% were women (n = 94). The information was collected through the self-report questionnaire on the Psychological Impact of Coronavirus. The results show that the variable Physical Activity in confinement was negatively and significantly related to the variable of BMI and use of communication media. When relating to behaviors associated with confinement and the Scale of Positive Experiences in the Face of Adversity (EEPA, by its initials in Spanish), it was positive and significant. Concerning the Distress Scale, it was significantly negatively correlated, in the same way with the Coronavirus Interference Scale and the Coronavirus Psychological Impact Questionnaire. It is concluded that there are negative effects on the physical and psychological health of Physical Education students as a result of confinement and some positive ones, such as self-care and protection systems.

O objetivo deste estudo foi relacionar os efeitos do confinamento (COVID-19) na saúde física e psicológica em estudantes universitários de educação física no Chile. A metodologia é quantitativa, transversal, descritiva; A amostra foi composta por 254 estudantes pertencentes a 7 universidades chilenas. 63% da amostra eram homens (n = 160) e 37% mulheres (n = 94) As informações foram coletadas por meio do questionário de autorrelato sobre o Impacto Psicológico do Coronavírus. Os resultados mostram que a variável Atividade Física em confinamento esteve negativa e significativamente relacionada com a variável IMC e Uso de Meios de Comunicação. Quanto aos Comportamentos Associados ao Confinamento e à Escala de Experiências Positivas Face à Adversidade, foi positivo e significativo; em relação à Escala de Aflição, apresentou correlação negativa significativa, da mesma forma com a Escala de Interferência do Coronavírus e o Questionário de Impacto Psicológico do Coronavírus. Conclui-se que existem efeitos negativos na saúde física e psicológica dos alunos de Educação Física decorrentes do confinamento e alguns positivos como o autocuidado e os sistemas de proteção.

Effects of a Six-Week International Tour on the Physical Performance and Body Composition of Young Chilean Tennis Players.

In tennis, it is common for young male tennis players to spend several weeks away from their local training camps during the competition season, which could affect their performance. The purpose of the study was to analyze the effects of a six-week international tour on physical performance and body composition in young Chilean tennis players. Twenty-four men between the ages of 14 and 16 participated in this research. In body composition and anthropometric measurement, body weight, height, skinfolds, and perimeters were measured. Body fat percentage (BFP) and skeletal muscle mass (SMM) were calculated. For physical performance, 5-m and 10-m sprints, modified agility test (MAT test), countermovement jump (CMJ), and medicine ball throw (MBT) were evaluated. Results show that, in body composition, BFP and SMM significantly decreased post-tour (p < 0.05; effect sizes ranging from 0.23 to 0.33, respectively). In physical performance, agility and 5-m and 10-m sprints significantly decreased (p < 0.05, effect sizes ranging from −0.63 to 1.10). We conclude that after a six-week international tour, BFP, SMM, agility, and speed (linear sprint) tend to decrease significantly, with a greater effect in the sprint tests.

Comparación de parámetros antropométricos y de composición corporal de futbolistas profesionales / A Comparison of Anthropometric Parameters and the Body Composition of Professional Soccer Players

Resumen El presente estudio tuvo por objetivo comparar los parámetros antropométricos y de composición corporal en futbolistas profesionales en cinco temporadas. Se efectuó un estudio transversal (comparativo). Se estudió a 120 futbolistas, donde cada cohorte por año se evaluó a 24 futbolistas. El rango de edad fue de 18 a 37 años. Se evaluó a los futbolistas al inicio de cada temporada en los años 2012 a 2016: Se midió el peso, la estatura, seis pliegues cutáneos (Tríceps, subescapular, supra-iliaco, abdominal, muslo y pantorrilla). Se calculó el Índice de Masa corporal IMC, % de grasa, la masa grasa y masa libre de grasa MLG. El tejido adiposo se agrupó en tres grupos (brazo: (tricpes+subescapular, tronco: suprailiaco+abdominal, Piernas: muslo+pantorrilla). Hubo diferencias en el peso corporal, la estatura, la sumatoria de los 6 pliegues y la MLG a lo largo de los 5 años. [año 2012 (Peso: 76,6±7.8kg, estatura: 177.6±5.7cm, Pliegues: 58.7±12.8mm, MLG: 64.5±6.3mm), año 2013: (Peso: 77.8±6.4kg, Estatura: 178,4±4.4, Pliegues: 60.1±15.9mm, MLG:66.3±3.5mm), año 2014: (Peso: 74.9±5.7kg, Estatura: 177.0±5.8cm, Pliegues: 54.4±14.7mm, MLG: 64.5±4.5kg), año 2015: (Peso: 74.1±6.8kg, Estatura: 176.1±5.5cm, Pliegues: 54.9±15.6mm, MLG: 63.8±4.6kg), año 2016: (Peso: 72.7±kg, Estatura: 175.3±6.9kg, Pliegues: 50.8±12.mm, MLG: 62.8±5.9kg)]. Este estudio verificó que el perfil antropométrico y el tejido adiposo de los futbolistas fueron disminuyendo en cada temporada, mientras que la MLG reflejó similares valores en cada uno de las cohortes evaluadas.

Abstract The present cross-sectional (comparative) study aimed to compare the anthropometric and body composition parameters in professional soccer players over five seasons. It was conducted on 120 soccer players grouped in a cohort of 24 subjects per year. The age range was 18 to 37 years. The footballers were evaluated at the beginning of each season from 2012 to 2016; weight, height, six skin folds (triceps, subscapularis, supra-iliac, abdominal, thigh, and calf) were evaluated from 2012 to 2015. The Body Mass Index (BMI), fat percentage, fat mass, and FFM were calculated. The adipose tissue was grouped into three groups: arm (triceps + subscapular), trunk (supra iliac + abdominal), and legs (thigh + calf). Body weight, height, the sum of the 6 folds, and the MLG varied during the 5 years. For 2012 the results were the following: Weight, 76.6 ± 7.8kg; Height, 177.6 ± 5.7cm; Folds, 58.7 ± 12.8mm; MLG, 64.5 ± 6.3mm). In 2013, these were the results: Weight, 77.8 ± 6.4kg; Height, 178, 4 ± 4.4; Folds, 60.1 ± 15.9mm; MLG, 66.3 ± 3.5mm). These were the measures obtained in 2014: Weight, 74.9 ± 5.7kg; Height, 177.0 ± 5.8cm; Folds, 54.4 ± 14.7mm; MLG, 64.5 ± 4.5kg ). And these were of the year 2015: Weight, 74.1 ± 6.8kg; Height, 176.1 ± 5.5cm; Folds, 54.9 ± 15.6mm; MLG, 63.8 ± 4.6kg). Finally, in 2016 these were the measures collected: Weight, 72.7 ± kg; Height, 175.3 ± 6.9 kg; Folds, 50.8 ± 12.mm; MLG, 62.8 ± 5.9kg. This study verified that the soccer players' anthropometric profile and adipose tissue decreased each season, while the MLG reflected similar values in each of the evaluated cohorts.

Resumo O presente estudo teve como objetivo comparar os parâmetros antropométricos e de composição corporal em jogadores profissionais de futebol durante cinco temporadas. Foi realizado um estudo transversal (comparativo). Foi estudado um total de 120 jogadores de futebol, onde cada coorte por ano foram avaliados 24 jogadores. A faixa etária era de 18 a 37 anos. Os futebolistas foram avaliados no início de cada temporada, nos anos de 2012 a 2016. Foram medidas altura, peso, seis dobras da pele (tríceps, subescapular, supra ilíaca, abdominal, coxa e calcanhar). Foram calculados índice de massa corporal IMC, % de gordura, massa de gordura e massa livre de gordura MLG. O tecido adiposo foi agrupado em três grupos (braço: tríceps + subescapular, tronco: suprailíaco + abdominal, pernas: coxa + calcanhar). Houve diferenças no peso corporal, na altura, a soma de 6 dobras e a MLG ao longo dos 5 anos: ano 2012 (Peso: 76,6±7,8kg, Altura: 177,6±5,7cm, Dobras: 58,7±12,8mm, GLM: 64,5±6,3mm), ano 2013 (Peso: 77,8±6,4kg, Altura: 178,4±4,4, Dobras: 60,1±15,9mm, GLM:66,3±3.5mm), ano 2014 (Peso: 74,9±5,7kg, Altura: 177,0±5,8cm, Dobras: 54,4±14,7mm, GLM: 64,5±4,5kg), ano 2015 (Peso: 74,1±6,8kg, Altura: 176,1±5,5cm, Dobras: 54,9±15,6mm, GLM: 63,8±4,6kg), ano 2016 (Peso: 72,7±kg, Altura: 175,3±6,9kg, Dobras: 50,8±12,mm, GLM: 62,8±5,9kg). Este estudo verificou que o perfil antropométrico e o tecido adiposo dos jogadores de futebol diminuíram em cada temporada, enquanto que a MLG refletiu valores similares em cada um dos coortes avaliados.

Teachers' conceptions about approaches of activities in nature in the physical education classroom / Concepções dos professores sobre a abordagem das atividades na natureza na aula de educação física

ABSTRACT The objective is to understand the conceptions that Physical Education teachers have about Activities in Nature (ACN) that occur in the school context. The research is based on the interpretive paradigm with qualitative methodology, in which a semi-structured interview was applied to 12 high school Physical Education teachers in the city of Talca-Chile. The results indicate that these activities, among other things, contribute to a greater environmental awareness on the part of students, enabling the realization of different bodily practices in the natural environment. It is concluded that teachers need more training in the area, as the ACN become a pedagogical strategy that privileges autonomy, reflection and the development of values, fundamental issues for the integral development of young people and adolescents.

RESUMO O objetivo é compreender as concepções que os professores de Educação Física têm sobre as Atividades em Contato com a Natureza (ACN) que ocorrem no contexto escolar. A pesquisa se baseia no paradigma interpretativo com metodologia qualitativa, em que foi aplicada uma entrevista semiestruturada a 12 professores de Educação Física do ensino médio da cidade de Talca-Chile. Os resultados indicam que essas atividades, entre outras coisas, contribuem para uma maior consciência ambiental por parte dos alunos, possibilitando a realização de diferentes práticas corporais no ambiente natural. Conclui-se que os professores necessitam de maior formação na área, visto que as ACN tournarm-se uma estratégia pedagógica que privilegia a autonomia, a reflexão e o desenvolvimento de valores, questões fundamentais para o desenvolvimento integral de jovens e adolescentes.

Anthropometric Characterization and Physical Performance by Age and Biological Maturation in Young Tennis Players.

The objective was to analyze anthropometric and physical performance variables as a function of chronological age and biological maturity in young Chilean tennis players. The study was observational, cross-sectional, with descriptive and analytical characteristics. Eighty-seven tennis players were evaluated (58 men 15.1 ± 0.8 years and 29 women, 15.3 ± 0.8 years). The measured anthropometric variables were a sprint test of 20m; a modified agility test; a sit-and-reach test and shoulder flexibility; manual grip strength; horizontal jump in feet; a medicine ball throw; a countermovement vertical jump; an abalakov vertical jump and a 20-m shuttle-run test. The growth velocity acceleration peak (APHV), skeletal muscle mass and fat mass were calculated, R2 and standard error of estimate (SEE) were examined. The results show that chronological age explained the anthropometric variables between 1 and 23% in men and 1 and 29% in women; by biological age, variables were explained between 3 and 53% in men and 2 and 42% in women. Of the physical performance variables, chronological age described between 2 and 24% of them in men and 1 and 29% in women; the same were explained by biological age between 1 and 19% in men and 1 and 26% in women. We conclude that anthropometric variables showed a better relationship with biological age, except for volume of fat tissue, while physical performance variables showed low association with both biological and chronological age.

Caracterización antropométrica y composición corporal de tenistas de elite varones y damas de Chile / Anthropometric characterization and body composition of male and female elite tennis players in Chile

RESUMEN: El objetivo del estudio fue determinar las características antropométricas y de composición corporal en jóvenes tenistas de elite chilenos. El estudio fue de carácter descriptivo de corte transversal. La muestra de 84 tenistas (58 varones 15,5 ± 0,76 años y 26 damas, 15,3 ± 0,8 años), fue seleccionada de forma no probabilística por conveniencia. Se evaluaron variables antropométricas de peso, estatura, estatura sentada, pliegues cutáneos (bíceps, tríceps, subescapular, supraespinal, abdominal, muslo anterior y pierna medial), perímetros (brazo flexionado, muslo medio y pierna) y diámetros (biepicondíleo de húmero y del fémur). Se realizaron análisis antropométricos y cálculos para determinar la composición corporal y el somatotipo de los sujetos participantes. Los resultados para los varones fueron, peso corporal 64,3±7,94 kg, estatura 1,74 ± 0,08 m, porcentaje de grasa 16,6±4,1 %, de componente Mesomorfo balan- ceado. Las damas presentaron un peso corporal 49,8±6,9 kg, estatura 1,65±0,03 m, porcentaje de grasa 19,3±4,8%,de componente Ectomorfo balanceado. En general, ambos grupos muestran características antropométricas y de composición corporal similares a otros grupos de tenistas juveniles, a excepción del somatotipo en el caso de las damas.

SUMMARY: The aim of the study was to determine the anthropometric characteristics and body composition in young Chilean elite tennis players aged 14 to 16 years. It was a descriptive cross-sectional study. A non-probability convenience sampling of 84 tennis players (58 males 15.5 ± 0.76 years old and 26 females, 15.3 ± 0.8 years old) was selected. Anthropometric variables of weight, height, sitting height, skin folds (biceps, triceps, subscapular, supraspinal, abdominal, anterior thigh and medial leg), perimeters (flexed arm, middle thigh and leg) and diameters (humerus and femur) were evaluated. Anthropometric analysis and calculations were performed to determine the body composition and somatotype of the participanting subjects. The results for males were, body weight 64.3 ± 7.94 kg, height 1.74 ± 0.08 m, percentage of fat 16.6 ± 4.1%, balanced mesomorph component. The females had a body weight of 49.8 ± 6.9 kg, height of 1.65 ± 0.03 m, percentage of fat 19.3 ± 4.8%, balanced ectomorph component. In general, both groups showed similar anthropometric and body composition characteristics as compared to other groups of young tennis players, with the exception of the somatotype in the case of the females.

Efectos de un programa de entrenamiento muscular sobre la composición corporal y fuerza máxima en estudiantes universitarios según su índice de masa corporal inicial / Effects of a resistance training program on body composition and maximum strength in university students according to their baseline body mass index

Introducción: Los ejercicios de entrenamiento muscular deben ser adaptados a las características de las personas y dosificados de manera individual para lograr los máximos beneficios. Objetivo: Comparar los efectos de un programa de entrenamiento muscular sobre la composición corporal y fuerza máxima en estudiantes universitarios físicamente activos, según su índice de masa corporal (IMC) inicial. Material y métodos: Veinticuatro estudiantes de Pedagogía en Educación Física (15 hombres y 9 mujeres) completaron un programa de entrenamiento muscular supervisado que duró ocho semanas (16 sesiones). Los estudiantes fueron distribuidos previamente en grupo bajo la media del IMC (GBM; n= 11; 7 hombres y 4 mujeres) y grupo sobre la media del IMC (GSM; n= 13; 8 hombres y 5 mujeres). Se midió el peso corporal, estatura bípeda, IMC, composición corporal (masa adiposa y masa muscular) y fuerza máxima del tren superior (press de banco plano y press militar) e inferior (sentadilla paralela (45°) y peso muerto) por medio de una repetición máxima (1RM). Resultados: La masa adiposa disminuyó significativamente (p <0,05) con un pequeño tamaño del efecto (d<0,30) en ambos grupos (GBM y GSM). Mientras que la masa muscular, aumentó significativamente (p =0,008) sólo en el GSM con un pequeño tamaño del efecto (d =0,36). La fuerza máxima del tren inferior y superior aumentó significativa-mente (p <0,05) con un pequeño y moderado tamaño del efecto (d <0,80) en el GBM y GSM. Las comparaciones entre los grupos no revelaron diferencias significativas. Conclusiones: Un programa de entrenamiento muscular de ocho semanas produce una reducción significativa de la masa adiposa y un aumento significativo de la fuerza máxima del tren superior e inferior en estudiantes universitarios físicamente activos, independiente a su IMC inicial. Sin embargo, sólo el GSM consigue un aumento significativo de la masa muscular. (AU)

Introduction: Resistance training exercises must be adapted to people’s characteristics and dosed individually to achieve maximum benefits. Aim: To compare the effects of a resistance training program on body composition and maximum strength in physically active university students, according to their baseline body mass index (BMI). Material and methods: Twenty-four Physical Educationstudents (15 males and 9 females) completed a supervised resistance training program that lasted eight weeks (16 sessions). The students were previously distributed into a group below the mean BMI group (BMG; n = 11; 7 males and 4 females) and above the mean BMI group (AMG; n = 13; 8males and 5 females). Body weight, height, BMI, body composition (adipose mass and muscle mass), and maximum upper body strength (bench press and military press), and lower body strength (parallel squat [45°] and deadlift) were measured through a one-repetition maximum (1RM). Results: Fat mass decreased significantly (p< 0.05) with a small effect size (d< 0.30) in both groups (BMG and AMG). In contrast, muscle mass increased significantly (p= 0.008) only in AMG with a small effect size (d= 0.36). Maximum upper and lower body strength increased significantly (p< 0.05) with a small and moderate effect size (d< 0.80) in the BMG and AMG. Comparisons between the groups revealed no significant differences. Conclusions: An eight-week resistance training program significantly reduces fat mass and a significant increase in maximal upper and lower body strength in physically active university students, independent of their baseline BMI.However, only AMG achieves a significant increase in muscle mass. (AU)

Correlación y comparación entre el nivel de actividad física y flexibilidad en niños y niñas de 10 a 11 años de edad de un colegio de Concepción. Chile / Correlation and comparison between the level of physical activity and flexibility in boys and girls from 10 to 11 years of age from a school in Concepción. Chile

RESUMEN. El estudio se centró en determinar los niveles de actividad física que presentan los escolares de 10 a 11 años que asisten a un Colegio de la Ciudad de Concepción, relacionarlo y compararlo con la flexibilidad. La metodología utilizada corresponde a un estudio cuantitativo, transversal, descriptivo-correlacional; con muestreo intencionado, se evaluó a 49 escolares, para medir el nivel de actividad física se utilizó la encuesta INTA y para medir la flexibilidad se utilizó el test de V-Sit And Reach. Se utilizó la prueba de Shapiro Wilk arrojando la normalidad de los datos, la prueba Z score para establecer medias, la prueba t de Student para el nivel de significancia entre grupo, y, por último, en la relación de las variables se empleó la correlación de Pearson. Los resultados muestran que las niñas tienen un nivel de flexibilidad mayor a los niños siendo estadísticamente significativa, en cambio en el nivel de actividad física se obtiene un nivel regular no existiendo diferencias significativas. No existe correlación entre las variables estudiadas.

ABSTRACT. The study focuses on determining levels of physical activity presented by children between the ages 10 and 11, attending a school in the City of Concepción, relating it and comparing it with flexibility. The methodology used corresponds to a quantitative, cross-sectional, descriptive-correlational study; with intentional sampling, 49 students were evaluated, the INTA survey was used to assess the level of physical activity, and the V-Sit And Reach test were used to measure flexibility. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used, yielding the normality of the data, the Z score test to establish means, the Student's T test for the level of significance between the groups, and, finally, for the relationship of the variables, Pearson's correlation was used. The results show that girls have a higher level of flexibility than boys, being statistically significant, while in the level of physical activity a regular level is obtained, without significant differences. There is no correlation between the variables studied.

Efectos de un programa multicomponente sobre medidas antropométricas, condición física y calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en personas mayores / Effects of a multicomponent program on anthropometric measures, physicalfitness and health-related quality of life in older people

INTRODUCCIÓN: El envejecimiento provoca, entre otros cambios, disminución de la masa muscular y reducción de la independencia funcional. La práctica regular de actividad física es considerada una herramienta esencial para lograr un envejecimiento saludable. OBJETIVO: Analizar los efectos de un programa de entrenamiento multicomponente sobre medidas antropométricas, condición física y calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en personas mayores independientes funcionalmente. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio pre-experimental (con pre y post evaluación) que contó con 17 personas mayores (13 mujeres y 4 hombres) con una edad media de 72,5 años. Se evaluaron medidas antropométricas básicas (peso corporal, estatura bípeda e índice de masa corporal [IMC]), condición física a través del Senior Fitness Test y la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud por medio de la encuesta SF-36. Se realizaron comparaciones pre y post intervención a través de las pruebas t de Student y Wilcoxon considerando un p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Luego de 12 semanas de intervención las personas mayores reportaron una reducción significativa (p < 0,001) del peso corporal e IMC. Aumento significativo (p < 0,05) en las pruebas relacionadas con la fuerza del tren inferior y superior, capacidad cardiorrespiratoria, agilidad y equilibrio dinámico, y una reducción significativa (p < 0,05) en la distancia entre manos (para la flexibilidad del tren superior) y entre manos y pie (para la flexibilidad del tren inferior). Además, se presentó un aumento significativo (p < 0,05) en siete dimensiones de la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (i.e. función física, rol físico, salud general, vitalidad, función social, rol emocional y salud mental) y una reducción significativa (p = 0,000) del dolor corporal. CONCLUSIONES: Existe una reducción significativa del peso corporal e IMC y un aumento significativo de la condición física y calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en personas mayores luego de 12 semanas de participación en un programa de entrenamiento multicomponente

INTRODUCTION: Aging causes, among other changes, a decrease in muscle mass and a reduction in functional independence. Regular physical activity is considered an essentialtool for healthy aging. AIM: To analyze the effects of a multicomponent training program on anthropometric measures, physical fitness and health-related quality of life in independent older people. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Pre-experimental study (withpre- and post-evaluation) that included 17 older people (13 women and 4 men) with a mean age of 72.5 years. Basic anthropometric measures, physical fitness through the Senior Fitness Test, and health-related quality of life were evaluated through the SF-36 survey. Pre- and post-intervention comparisons were made through Student's t test and Wilcoxon considering a p <0.05. RESULTS: After 12-weeks of intervention, older people reported a significant reduction (p <0.001) in body weight and BMI. Significant increase (p <0.05) in tests related to lower and upper body strength, cardiorespiratory capacity, agility and dynamic balance, and a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the distance between hands (for upper body flexibility) and between hands and feet (for lower body flexibility). In addition, there was a significant increase (p <0.05) in seven dimensions of health-related quality of life (i.e. physical function, physical role, general health, vitality, social function, emotional role and mental health) and a significant reduction (p = 0.000) in body pain. CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant reduction in bodyweight and BMI and a significant increase in physical fitness and health-related quality of life in older people after 12-weeks of participation in a multi-component training program

Association between fitness, anthropometric indices and laboratory parameters in elderly women

ABSTRACT Background: Aging causes an involution of anthropometric and health indices that can affect physical fitness. Aim: To determine the influence of anthropometric and health indices on the physical fitness of elderly women. Material and Methods: Anthropometric parameters, serum lipids, blood glucose and physical fitness evaluated using Senior Fitness Test, were assessed in 140 women aged 70 ± 5 years. The association between parameters was analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regression models. Results: In the regression models serum lipids and the suprailiac skinfold were significant predictors of the up and go test (R2= 0.48). HDL cholesterol and the level of physical activity were predictors of the two minutes step test (R2= 0.31). Serum lipids, suprailiac skinfold and age were predictors of the back-scratch test (R2= 0.41). Fasting blood glucose and HDL cholesterol were predictors of the chair sit and reach test (R2= 0.24). Serum lipids and body mass index were predictors of the arm curl test (R2= 0.37). Body mass index and serum lipids were predictors of the chair stand test (R2= 0.49). Conclusions: Anthropometric variables, serum lipid levels and blood glucose were predictors of different physical fitness parameters in these women.

Antecedentes: El envejecimiento causa involución de indices antropométricos y de salud, los cuales pueden afectar la condición física. Objetivo: Determinar la influencia de indices antropométricos y de salud sobre la condición física de mujeres mayores. Material y Métodos: Se evaluaron parámetros antropométricos, lípidos séricos y la condición física mediante el "senior fitness test" en 140 mujeres de 70 ± 5 años. La asociación entre variables se evaluó mediante correlaciones simples y modelos de regresión múltiple. Resultados: En los modelos de regresión múltiple, los lípidos séricos y pliegue suprailíaco fueron predictores significativos de la prueba de levantarse, caminar y volver a sentarse (R2 = 0,48). El colesterol HDL y el nivel de actividad física fueron predictores de la prueba de dos minutos de marcha (R2 = 0,310). Los lípidos séricos, el pliegue suprailíaco y la edad fueron predictores de la prueba de juntar las manos tras la espalda (R2 = 0,41). La glicemia en ayunas y el colesterol HDL fueron predictores de la prueba de flexión del tronco en silla (R2 = 0,24). El índice de masa corporal y los lípidos séricos fueron predictores de la prueba de flexo-extensión de codo (R2= 0,37). El índice de masa corporal y los lípidos séricos fueron predictores de la prueba de sentarse y levantarse de una silla (R2 = 0,49). Conclusiones: Las variables antropométricas, los lípidos séricos y la glicemia fueron predictores de diversas pruebas de capacidad física en mujeres mayores.

Changes in anthropometric parameters and physical fitness in older adults after participating in a 16-week physical activity program / Cambios en los parámetros antropométricos y la condición física en adultos mayores luego de participar en un programa de actividad física de 16 semanas

Abstract Introduction: Physical activity is important for achieving healthy aging. Objective: To analyze changes in anthropometric parameters and physical fitness among Chilean older adults after participating in a 16-week physical activity program and to evaluate whether there were differences in relation to their baseline nutritional status or not. Materials and methods: Pre-experimental quantitative study. The study population consisted of 176 older adults (155 women and 21 men) distributed in three groups: normal weight (n = 56), overweight (n=67) and obese (n = 53). The following variables were evaluated: body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHR) and physical fitness. Results: Significant decreases between pre- and post-measurements were found for WC (p<0.001), BMI (p=0.015), and WHR (p<0.001). Improvements were observed in the following tests: chair stand (p<0.001), arm curl (p<0.001), 2-min step (p<0.001), chair sit-&-reach (p=0.018) and back scratch (p=0.014). Regarding BMI, significant changes were observed between normal weight vs. overweight participants (p=0.001) and between normal weight vs. obese participants (p=0.001). Conclusion: Older adult participants that regularly attended the physical activity program were able to reduce their WC, BMI and WHR, and also improved their physical-functional performance on the chair stand, arm curl, 2-min step, chair sit-&-reach and back scratch tests. In addition, anthropometric parameters and physical fitness also improved regardless of their baseline nutritional status.

Resumen Introducción. La actividad física es de gran importancia para lograr un envejecimiento saludable. Objetivos. Estudiar los cambios en los parámetros antropométricos y la condición física de adultos mayores (AM) chilenos después de 16 semanas de participación en un programa de actividad física, y evaluar las diferencias en relación con su estado nutricional inicial. Materiales y métodos. Estudio pre-experimental cuantitativo. Población: 176 AM (155 mujeres y 21 hombres) distribuidos en 3 grupos: normopesos (n = 56), sobrepesos (n=67) y obesos (n = 53). Se evaluaron las siguientes variables: índice de masa corporal (IMC), perímetro de cintura (PC), índice cintura-estatura (ICE) y condición física. Resultados. Se observaron reducciones significativas en PC (p<0.001), IMC (p=0.015) e ICE (p<0.001), y mejoras en las siguientes pruebas: sentarse y levantarse de una silla (p<0.001), flexiones del codo (p<0.001), dos minutos de marcha (p<0.001), flexión del tronco en silla (p=0.018) y juntar las manos tras la espalda (p=0.014). Se encontraron diferencias significativas respecto al IMC entre participantes normopesos y sobrepesos (p=0.001), y entre normopesos y obesos (p=0.001). Conclusión. Los AM que participaron regularmente en el programa de actividad física lograron reducir su PC, IMC e ICE y mejorar su rendimiento físico-funcional en las pruebas de sentarse y levantarse de una silla, flexiones de codo, dos minutos de marcha, y flexibilidad del tren inferior y superior. Además, sus parámetros antropométricos y su condición física mejoraron independientemente de su estado nutricional inicial.

Cambios morfofisiológicos y riesgo de caídas en el adulto mayor: una revisión de la literatura / Morphophysiological changes and fall risk in the older adult: a review of the literature

RESUMEN El envejecimiento es un proceso universal, irreversible e individual que provoca cambios morfofisiológicos en los sistemas músculo-esquelético, sistema nervioso central y los sistemas sensoriales (visual, vestibular y propiocepción), ocasionando mayor riesgo de caídas. Las caídas tienen una alta prevalencia y se han transformado en un importante problema de salud pública debido a los altos costos económicos y funcionales que representan en el adulto mayor. Para evitar estos eventos es importante conocer los cambios morfofisiológicos asociados al envejecimiento y planear estrategias de salud en las que se incorpore estimulación ósea, muscular, somatosensorial (propioceptiva) y cognitiva con el propósito de evitar el deterioro funcional y la discapacidad. En base a lo anterior, el objetivo de esta revisión es exponer el conocimiento actual de los cambios morfofisiológicos involucrados en el riesgo de caídas del adulto mayor.

ABSTRACT Aging is a universal, irreversible and individual process that causes morphophysiological changes in the musculoskeletal system, central nervous system and sensory systems (visual, vestibular and proprioception), increasing the risk of experiencing a falls. Falls have a high prevalence in older adults and have become an important public health concern due to the high economic and health-related costs that they represent. To address the increment of falls in older adults, it is important to know the anatomophysiological changes associated with aging and to plan health strategies where bone, muscular, somatosensory (proprioceptive) and cognitive stimulation is incorporated with the purpose of avoiding functional deterioration and disability. Based on the foregoing, the objective of this review is to describe how morphophysiological changes during the ageing process are associated with a higher risk of falls in older adults.

Assessing the Relationship between Autonomy Support and Student Group Cohesion across Ibero-American Countries.

Teacher-endorsed supporting behaviors present themselves as key influencers of student adaptive academic and social functions. The objective of this paper was twofold. First, this study sought to test a model in which student-perceived autonomy support was associated with group cohesion, considering the mediating role of basic psychological needs satisfaction and intrinsic motivation. Second, the current study examined the dimensionality of the model across five Western countries, namely Spain, Portugal, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico. A convenience sample of 3033 college students (Mage = 21.51 ± SD = 3.71) were recruited for the analysis. The results revealed that perceived autonomy support was positively associated with needs satisfaction, being consequently associated with intrinsic motivation and, ultimately, with group cohesion. Additionally, a multigroup analysis revealed that the model was invariant across college students from the different countries. The current results are discussed around the promotion of teacher uses of autonomy-supportive behaviors fostering adaptive outcomes in students regarding positive social relations and that the cultures of Ibero-American countries are equivalent in this process.

Association between fitness, anthropometric indices and laboratory parameters in elderly women.

BACKGROUND: Aging causes an involution of anthropometric and health indices that can affect physical fitness. AIM: To determine the influence of anthropometric and health indices on the physical fitness of elderly women. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Anthropometric parameters, serum lipids, blood glucose and physical fitness evaluated using Senior Fitness Test, were assessed in 140 women aged 70 ± 5 years. The association between parameters was analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regression models. RESULTS: In the regression models serum lipids and the suprailiac skinfold were significant predictors of the up and go test (R2= 0.48). HDL cholesterol and the level of physical activity were predictors of the two minutes step test (R2= 0.31). Serum lipids, suprailiac skinfold and age were predictors of the back-scratch test (R2= 0.41). Fasting blood glucose and HDL cholesterol were predictors of the chair sit and reach test (R2= 0.24). Serum lipids and body mass index were predictors of the arm curl test (R2= 0.37). Body mass index and serum lipids were predictors of the chair stand test (R2= 0.49). CONCLUSIONS: Anthropometric variables, serum lipid levels and blood glucose were predictors of different physical fitness parameters in these women.

Masa libre de grasa a partir de variables antropométricas en jugadores de voleibol masculino / Fat-free mass from anthropometric variables in men's volleyball players

INTRODUCCIÓN: La estimación de la masa muscular total es un importante componente que se relaciona con el rendimiento y con el control del entrenamiento en diversas modalidades deportivas. El objetivo del estudio fue proponer ecuaciones de regresión para estimar la masa libre de grasa a partir de variables antropométricas en jugadores de voleibol masculino y verificar la capacidad de reproducibilidad de las ecuaciones. MÉTODOS: Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en 29 voleibolistas de un Club profesional de Brasil. El rango de edad oscila entre los 16.0 a 20.9 años. Se calculó el Índice de Masa Corporal. La Masa libre de grasa fue determinada por medio del escaneo de la absorciometría de rayos X de doble energía. RESULTADOS: Se generaron tres ecuaciones, cuyo poder de explicación varían entre 87 a 95%: Modelo 1: Masa libre de grasa = -10.401+0.562*Peso + 4.032*Diámetro del Tobillo (R2=0.87), Modelo 2: Masa libre de grasa = -34.806+0.330*Peso + 2.579*Circunferencia del Antebrazo (R2=0.94) y Modelo 3: Masa libre de grasa = -41.830+0.292*Peso + 2.270* Circunferencia del Antebrazo +2.638*Diámetro del Tobillo (R2=0.95). Los resultados del Índice de reproducibilidad deseable mostraron para los tres modelos predictivos valores de coeficiente de correlación de concordancia entre 0.93 a 0.95, para la Precisión entre 0.931 a 0.997 y para la exactitud entre 0.997 a 0.999. CONCLUSIÓN: Se concluye, que la Masa libre de grasa puede ser calculada con precisión y exactitud en jóvenes voleibolistas de sexo masculino a partir de variables antropométricas como el peso, diámetro del tobillo y circunferencia del antebrazo. Se sugiere el uso y la aplicación en programas de entrenamiento como un método no-invasivo y de campo

INTRODUCTION: The estimation of total muscle mass is an important component that is related to performance and training control in various sports modalities. The objective of the study was to propose regression equations to estimate fat-free mass from anthropometric variables in male volleyball players and to verify the reproducibility of the equations. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on 29 volleyball players from a professional Club in Brazil. The age range ranges from 16.0 to 20.9 years. The Body Mass Index was calculated. Fat Free Mass was determined by scanning dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: Three equations were generated, whose explanatory power varies between 87 to 95%: Model 1: Fat-free mass = -10.401 + 0.562 * Weight + 4.032 * Ankle Diameter (R2 = 0.87), Model 2: Weight free of Fat = -34.806 + 0.330 * Weight + 2.579 * Forearm Circumference (R2 = 0.94) and Model 3: Fat Free Mass = -41.830 + 0.292 * Weight + 2.270 * Forearm Circumference + 2.638 * Ankle Diameter (R2 = 0.95 ). The results of the Desirable reproducibility index showed, for the three predictive models, values of the correlation correlation coefficient between 0.93 to 0.95, for the Accuracy between 0.931 to 0.997 and for the accuracy between 0.997 to 0.999. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that the Fat Free Mass can be calculated with precision and accuracy in young male volleyball players from anthropometric variables such as weight, ankle diameter and forearm circumference. Use and application in training programs is suggested as a non-invasive and field method